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While impotence may have existed throughout history, pornography has increased to record levels recently through the digital internet. Pornography shows explicit sexual activity that is quite unrealistic and different from the sex that married couples may experience. A kind of aggressive sport, porn shows unusual and unnatural sex positions that titillate the senses and encourage arousal and masturbation.
Are Pornography and Erectile Dysfunction linked?Without a consensus, it is a controversial subject for debate. On the face of it, it looks as if they are linked, and that porn causes erectile problems. If the erection cannot be maintained and is not strong enough, sex will not succeed. The traditional approach links them and considers porn immoral and against religious laws, certainly according to some cultures. Guilt feelings cause stress that worsens the situation.
Certain societies frown upon laxity and would certainly object to graphic illustrations of sex in weird positions. Some countries like China have banned porn sites on the internet, but the billion-dollar pornography industry finds ways to get around the laws.
Some Things Cannot Change.Multimedia is a convenient tool for porn. Films and video clips, porn websites, pictures and magazines, posters, and slides are easily and cheaply available. Similar to prostitution and drugs that seem to be illegal but are not, porn flourishes mostly beyond legal reach. A few unlucky ones may get arrested, charged, fined, and imprisoned, but the big fish get away.
A Variety of Causes for Erection LapsesThe most direct cause is the inadequate blood supply to the penis. In a normal erection, blood fills up the penis and the erection results. Why does the blood not reach the penis? Heart problems like blood pressure could be the reason—high blood pressure results in the narrowing of the blood vessels. High cholesterol or diabetes with high blood sugar could be additional causes. Relaxed muscles encourage blood flow.
Psychological problems and stress, hormonal deficiency, and neural problems could be other reasons. Prostrate issues could also cause the problem.
Once the cause is identified, a combination of medications, exercise, and counseling could help overcome the problem, probably in stages. Like a drunk getting back to drinks in occasional lapses, porn viewing may continue for a while before completely avoiding it. Though it is not as easy as it sounds, it is achievable. Passions have highs and lows, like mountains and valleys.
Mighty Dimensions of the ProblemMany younger men are reporting ED, probably due to too much porn. The numbers are rapidly increasing, mostly affecting men between 40 and 70. From 150 million men in 1995, the numbers may reach 320 million men by 2025. While internet porn spread rapidly in the mid-1990s, medications like Viagra followed later. Do these medications help solve the problem? It probably does, partially at least, with devices like implants and the penis pump for better sexual performance.
Porn Addiction and Desensitization Looking at the Brighter SideIs it not reasonable to think, as one study suggests, that porn might encourage erection through stimulation of the senses? If the cause of ED is relationships or psychological factors, the man may be helped with erectile dysfunction. With greater sexual responsiveness to a partner, it seems that the body and brain get a chance to prepare for sex better. Hopefully, the intercourse might work better. Many more studies are required to confirm such theories.
Research is similarly lacking regarding harm caused by porn, though the general impression goes strongly against porn.
Though scientific evidence is lacking, many companies make money through the supposed porn harmful impact. ED medications, too, have a huge market along with connected devices and implants.
ED Prevention Strategies
Heart health equals sexual health. Keep away from food and drinks that restrict blood flow in the arteries. Red meats, processed meats, white rice, sodas, and energy drinks are examples. Water and red wine, tuna and olive oil, nuts and almonds are good for the heart.
Weight management is best even though surrounded by obesity. Heavyweights can get diabetes which can harm the nerves that extend to the sexual organs.
Tobacco is harmful too and can restrict blood flow in addition to lots of other damage.
Mental health matters since the brain also play a part. Avoid anxiety and depression and find remedies.
Further Possible ED CausesA combination of factors could cause primary ED. Clogged arteries, as happens in atherosclerosis, could be the cause. A physical injury could lead to stress. Relationship disputes might come up. Secondary ED occurs much later in life after normal erections over many years. Secondary ED could be caused by anxiety about sex or psychological issues. Spinal cord injury and prostrate problems are other possible causes. Nerve damage could result from surgery.
Amidst the complexity of porn and the question of its effects, pornography has certainly disrupted normal sex life globally. The law should restrict porn, and parents must shield kids from harmful influence. Directly or indirectly, erection problems have surfaced in men in huge numbers, not all due to porn. A variety of diseases and lifestyles cause erectile dysfunction. It is time to seek remedial actions.
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What Is Quantitative Research?
Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio).
Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and social sciences: biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc.
Quantitative research question examples
What is the demographic makeup of Singapore in 2023?
How has the average temperature changed globally over the last century?
Does environmental pollution affect the prevalence of honey bees?
Does working from home increase productivity for people with long commutes?
Quantitative research methodsYou can use quantitative research methods for descriptive, correlational or experimental research.
In descriptive research, you simply seek an overall summary of your study variables.
In correlational research, you investigate relationships between your study variables.
In experimental research, you systematically examine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
Correlational and experimental research can both be used to formally test hypotheses, or predictions, using statistics. The results may be generalized to broader populations based on the sampling method used.
To collect quantitative data, you will often need to use operational definitions that translate abstract concepts (e.g., mood) into observable and quantifiable measures (e.g., self-ratings of feelings and energy levels).
Quantitative research methods
Research method How to use Example
Experiment Control or manipulate an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable. To test whether an intervention can reduce procrastination in college students, you give equal-sized groups either a procrastination intervention or a comparable task. You compare self-ratings of procrastination behaviors between the groups after the intervention.
Survey Ask questions of a group of people in-person, over-the-phone or online. You distribute questionnaires with rating scales to first-year international college students to investigate their experiences of culture shock.
(Systematic) observation Identify a behavior or occurrence of interest and monitor it in its natural setting. To study college classroom participation, you sit in on classes to observe them, counting and recording the prevalence of active and passive behaviors by students from different backgrounds.
Secondary research Collect data that has been gathered for other purposes e.g., national surveys or historical records. To assess whether attitudes towards climate change have changed since the 1980s, you collect relevant questionnaire data from widely available longitudinal studies.
Note that quantitative research is at risk for certain research biases, including information bias, omitted variable bias, sampling bias, or selection bias. Be sure that you’re aware of potential biases as you collect and analyze your data to prevent them from impacting your work too much.
Quantitative data analysisOnce data is collected, you may need to process it before it can be analyzed. For example, survey and test data may need to be transformed from words to numbers. Then, you can use statistical analysis to answer your research questions.
Descriptive statistics will give you a summary of your data and include measures of averages and variability. You can also use graphs, scatter plots and frequency tables to visualize your data and check for any trends or outliers.
Using inferential statistics, you can make predictions or generalizations based on your data. You can test your hypothesis or use your sample data to estimate the population parameter.
Examples of descriptive and inferential statisticsYou hypothesize that first-year college students procrastinate more than fourth-year college students. You collect data on procrastination levels of the two groups using 7-point self-rating scales.
First, you use descriptive statistics to get a summary of the data. You find the mean (average) and the mode (most frequent rating) of procrastination of the two groups, and plot the data to see if there are any outliers.
Next, you perform inferential statistics to test your hypothesis. Using a t-test to compare the mean ratings of the two groups, you find a significant difference and support for your hypothesis.
You can also assess the reliability and validity of your data collection methods to indicate how consistently and accurately your methods actually measured what you wanted them to.
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Advantages of quantitative researchStrengths of this approach include:
Replication
Repeating the study is possible because of standardized data collection protocols and tangible definitions of abstract concepts.
Direct comparisons of results
The study can be reproduced in other cultural settings, times or with different groups of participants. Results can be compared statistically.
Large samples
Data from large samples can be processed and analyzed using reliable and consistent procedures through quantitative data analysis.
Hypothesis testing
Using formalized and established hypothesis testing procedures means that you have to carefully consider and report your research variables, predictions, data collection and testing methods before coming to a conclusion.
Despite the benefits of quantitative research, it is sometimes inadequate in explaining complex research topics. Its limitations include:
Superficiality
Using precise and restrictive operational definitions may inadequately represent complex concepts. For example, the concept of mood may be represented with just a number in quantitative research, but explained with elaboration in qualitative research.
Narrow focus
Predetermined variables and measurement procedures can mean that you ignore other relevant observations.
Structural bias
Despite standardized procedures, structural biases can still affect quantitative research. Missing data, imprecise measurements or inappropriate sampling methods are biases that can lead to the wrong conclusions.
Lack of context
Quantitative research often uses unnatural settings like laboratories or fails to consider historical and cultural contexts that may affect data collection and results.
Other interesting articlesIf you want to know more about statistics, methodology, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Frequently asked questions about quantitative research Cite this Scribbr articleBhandari, P. Retrieved July 17, 2023,
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Common Dietary Supplements Linked To Miscarriages In Rodents
People who could become pregnant shouldn’t take dietary supplements that contain vinpocetine, the Food and Drug Administration warned this week, because the synthetic ingredient could hurt a developing fetus.
The warning comes after a report from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) found that vinpocetine was associated with fetal abnormalities and miscarriage in rats and rabbits. The compound is found in hundreds of supplement products, many of which are marketed—without much evidence—as ways to improve cognition.
Vinpocetine is classified and regulated as a supplement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is similar to a compound found in periwinkle—however, it’s created synthetically, and has more in common with a pharmaceutical than with products that are typically considered supplements, says Pieter Cohen, a physician at Cambridge Health Alliance and an associate professor at Harvard Medical School. In other countries, it’s a prescription drug, and used to promote blood flow in the brain.
Laws that regulate supplements are supposed to govern products that are derived from or subcategories of foods, like vitamins and minerals. “It’s not supposed to be a backdoor to introduce pharmacological drugs to consumers without FDA approval,” Cohen says. But, he says, that’s essentially what happened with vinpocetine: A supplement maker submitted the compound as a new dietary ingredient in the late 1990s, and even though it probably should have been turned away as an unapproved drug, the agency allowed it through.
“That opened a legal door to market in supplements,” Cohen says. That poses a risk to consumers, because unlike pharmaceuticals, supplements aren’t formally studied for safety and efficacy—they’re under much less stringent oversight. For example, a pharmaceutical drug must undergo multiple phases of clinical trials, which include giving the drug to large and diverse groups of people as well as targeted groups with a specific disorder the drug is meant to treat. In addition, since vinpocetine can be sold over the counter, researchers and pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to study the substance, even though it might have a useful medical purpose. “Who is going to spend money to do clinical trials when people can buy [it] over the counter?” he says. “It’s a huge disincentive to study the drug. No company would spend the money to do the studies.”
In 2023, the FDA announced that it was re-considering vinpocetine’s classification as a supplement. Cohen speculates that’s why the FDA highlighted this particular NTP report: The results could have more of an impact. Vinpocetine isn’t necessarily widely used by people who could become pregnant, specifically—cognitive enhancers are, broadly speaking, primarily used by the elderly and people in the tech industry interested in improving focus, he says. “I suspect the FDA decided, let’s take a deeper dive into safety, and see if in addition to it being a pharmaceutical, what are the biggest safety concerns.”
The NTP regularly studies dietary supplements—because there isn’t much safety research done on supplements, their work fills the gap, wrote a spokesperson from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, which houses the program, in an email to Popular Science. However, most of their reports, regardless of findings, aren’t accompanied by a warning from the FDA, Cohen says.
“Everyone knows that, say, St. John’s Wort is going to be widely available in supplements, and no rat study will change that,” he says. “Here, we’re talking about a pharmaceutical with a very tenuous hold at being allowed on the market. An animal study is certainly not definitive, but it might make a difference between the FDA moving to eliminate and letting it be on the market.”
In a 2023 study, Cohen and his co-authors analyzed products that say they contain vinpocetine, and found that the products that actually contained the product had a wide range of doses. That’s one reason he says no one should take supplements that say they contain it, not just women of childbearing age. “When you’re taking a drug at [an] unpredictable dose, no way you can know what it will do,” he says.
The FDA cites their renewed commitment to addressing the growing dietary supplement market in their warning about vinpocetine. “The FDA will continue to preserve access to safe, well-manufactured, and accurately labeled dietary supplements, while we protect the American public from potentially unsafe or otherwise unlawful products,” they said in the statement.
For Cohen, though, it’s still mostly talk: the agency doesn’t have a good track record of acting on supplement oversight, and often, their actions (which mostly take the form of warnings to companies) don’t result in change. “Hopefully, this could be a signal of a new environment,” he says. “But all of this could be window dressing. We will have to see. They have to follow through.”
Autonomous Ai Research Platform “Data
An autonomous AI research platform called “Data-to-Paper” has recently been unveiled, showcasing the strong capabilities of ChatGPT in scientific analysis. Through a new approach, ChatGPT, a well-established language model, is utilized within this platform to autonomously generate research papers based on data analysis.
Credit: Metaverse Post (mpost.io)Karolina Gaszcz
Edited and fact-checked
The process begins by feeding the ChatGPT model with a large CDC Health Survey dataset and allowing it to explore various research topics independently. After a brief period, the AI system selects several research areas, writes data analysis codes, interprets the obtained results, and ultimately produces five transparent and reproducible papers.
The feature of “data-to-paper” is its emphasis on reproducibility. The generated documents not only present the final outcomes but also include detailed technical steps and analysis codes employed by ChatGPT. This ensures that human scientists can review, follow, and reproduce the entire process accurately.
The platform operates through an intricate interaction between ChatGPT and algorithmic agents, each assuming different roles such as “scientist,” “reviewer,” “encoder,” and “illuminated reviewer.” These agents autonomously progress through the canonical sequence of research stages, from data analysis to the final paper.
To address potential challenges, such as hallucinated citations, the system has access to search engines. Additionally, auto-checks, cross-checks between multiple ChatGPT instances, and well-defined tasks are employed to minimize other instances of hallucination. Nonetheless, it is essential to acknowledge that the involvement of human judgment and assessment remains crucial for ensuring the quality of the resulting papers.
The “data-to-paper” platform is not a new language model but rather an orchestration of ChatGPT’s capabilities. Similar to other structured, automated approaches, such as AutoGPT and LangChain, it harnesses ChatGPT’s potential through a multi-step process focused on complex goals, specifically data analysis and paper writing.
One of the primary objectives of “data-to-paper” is to highlight the potential of ChatGPT in the scientific domain, traditionally considered a realm exclusive to human creativity and intellect. By provoking discussions around the strengths and societal impacts of current and future language models, the platform aims to stimulate new perspectives on the role of human scientists in this evolving era.
“Data-to-Paper” currently focuses on papers that involve statistical tests on datasets. However, expanding its capabilities to accommodate other types of data analysis studies remains a challenge, showing that the importance of human involvement and judgment in producing high-quality research papers cannot be understated.
The emergence of “data-to-paper” prompts us to consider how we can leverage interactive systems like a “scientist co-pilot.” Such systems can handle routine scientific tasks, enabling human scientists to engage in higher-level abstraction and tackle more complex questions and challenges. While there are areas for improvement, the platform undoubtedly opens up new avenues for exploration and collaboration in scientific research.
MIT researchers conducted an experiment to evaluate GPT-4’s capabilities in various fields, including engineering, law, and history. The results showed GPT-4 demonstrated exceptional competence in various fields, but the claim of flawless 100% accuracy was not entirely accurate. The researchers used multiple methods to aid GPT-4 in answering questions accurately, including Chain of Reasoning, Coding Approach, Critical Prompt, and Expert Prompting. GPT-4 demonstrated a 90% success rate in solving the reserved 10% of questions without the aid of additional techniques. However, when employing these techniques, the model achieved a flawless 100% accuracy, flawlessly answering every question.
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Research Methods In Media Psychology
How did we find out that video games can promote violent outbreaks? Or that children should not view certain shows? Were these only intuitive? Or are they backed by researchers? These and many facts we know about how media influence us are derived from research.
Media Psychology ResearchMedia psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the psychological effects of media on individuals and society. Media psychology seeks to understand how media influences our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how we engage with and make sense of media messages. Media psychology research encompasses a wide range of topics, including the effects of social media on mental health, the impact of violent media on aggressive behavior, and the influence of media on body image and self-esteem.
It also examines how individuals process and make meaning of media messages and how media can be used to promote positive social change. Media psychology draws on various psychological theories and methods, including social cognitive theory, cultivation theory, and agenda-setting theory, to better understand the psychological effects of media. It is interdisciplinary, incorporating communication, sociology, and media studies insights.
Many research methods are used in media psychology, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. Some common research methods in media psychology include −
SurveysSurveys are a commonly used research method in media psychology and involve collecting data from a sample of individuals through self-report questionnaires. Surveys can be administered online, by phone, or in person and are useful for collecting data on a wide range of topics, such as media consumption patterns, attitudes toward media, and the impact of media on behavior. Surveys can be administered in various formats, including online, over the phone, or in person. They can be used to gather both quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (non-numerical) data. There are several different types of surveys that researchers might use in media psychology, including −
Self-Report Surveys − Participants are asked to report their media consumption habits, attitudes, and behaviors through a series of questions or statements.
Experiential Surveys − Participants are asked to describe their experiences and feelings related to media consumption in their own words.
Attitude Surveys − Participants are asked to indicate their agreement or disagreement with a series of statements or questions about media attitudes or behaviors.
Demographic Surveys − Participants are asked about their age, gender, education level, and other personal characteristics relevant to media consumption.
ExperimentsExperiments are a research method in which researchers manipulate one or more variables and measure the effect on a dependent variable. Experiments are often used in media psychology to study the causal relationship between media exposure and attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes. There are several different types of experiments that researchers might use in media psychology, including−
Quasi-Experiments − Researchers cannot randomly assign participants to different experimental groups, but they can still manipulate the media exposure variable and measure the effect on the dependent variable.
Field Experiments − Researchers manipulate the media exposure variable in a naturalistic setting (e.g., a public park or a shopping mall) and measure the effect on the dependent variable.
Ethnography & ObservationsEthnography and observation are research methods that involve the study of cultures or social groups by immersing oneself in the context being studied and collecting data through direct observation and other methods. These methods can be particularly useful in media studies, as they allow researchers to understand the cultural and social contexts in which media is consumed and how it shapes attitudes, behaviors, and social norms. Ethnography involves systematically studying a culture or social group through in-depth observation and participation in the group’s daily activities. Ethnographic research in media studies might involve spending time with a particular community or group to observe how they consume media and how it fits into their everyday lives.
Observation is another common research method in media studies and can involve participant observation (in which the researcher actively participates in the activities being observed) and non-participant observation (in which the researcher observes from a distance). Observation can be conducted in naturalistic settings, such as people’s homes or public spaces, or more controlled settings, such as a laboratory.
Interviews & Qualitative MethodsInterviews involve collecting data through one-on-one conversations with individuals. Interviews can be useful in media psychology research for understanding how individuals interpret and make sense of media messages. There are several different types of interviews that researchers may use, including structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and unstructured interviews.
Structured interviews involve the use of a predetermined set of questions that are asked of all participants. This allows for more consistent data collection and can be useful for comparing responses across different groups of people. However, structured interviews may allow less flexibility or depth of exploration than other interviews.
Semi-structured interviews involve using a predetermined set of questions as a starting point but allow for some flexibility and deviation from the script based on the needs and interests of the participant. This can provide a balance between standardization and flexibility.
Unstructured interviews involve little or no predetermined structure and allow the participant to guide the conversation. These interviews can be very open-ended and provide a rich data source, but they may need to be more reliable and easier to analyze.
Regardless of the type of interview used, researchers need to be trained in interviewing techniques and to use appropriate ethical guidelines when conducting interviews with human subjects. Qualitative research methods involve collecting and analyzing data in the form of words, images, or sounds rather than numbers. Qualitative research methods are often used in media psychology to understand how media is used and interpreted by individuals and communities. It is used in media psychology to provide valuable insights into how media shapes attitudes, behaviors, and social norms. It can also help researchers understand the meanings and symbols people attach to different media types and how they use them daily.
ConclusionVarious research methods are commonly used in media psychology to study how individuals interact with and are affected by media. These methods include qualitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, observational methods, and quantitative techniques such as surveys and experiments. Each method has its strengths and limitations, and researchers must carefully consider which is most appropriate for their research question and study design.
Python Program To Sort The Elements Of The Circular Linked List
When it is required to sort the elements of a circular linked list, a ‘Node’ class needs to be created. In this class, there are two attributes, the data that is present in the node, and the access to the next node of the linked list.
In a circular linked list, the head and the rear are adjacent to each other. They are connected to form a circle, and don’t have ‘NULL’ value in the last node.
Another ‘linked_list’ class needs to be created that would have an initialization function, and the head of the node would be initialized to ‘None’.
Multiple methods are defined by the user to add node to the linked list, sort the linked list in ascending or descending order and to print the node values.
Below is a demonstration for the same −
ExampleLive Demo
class Node: def __init__(self,data): chúng tôi = data chúng tôi = None class list_creation: def __init__(self): chúng tôi = Node(None) chúng tôi = Node(None) chúng tôi = self.tail chúng tôi = self.head def add_data(self,my_data): new_node = Node(my_data) if chúng tôi is None: self.head = new_node self.tail = new_node new_node.next = self.head else: self.tail.next = new_node self.tail = new_node self.tail.next = self.head def sort_list(self): curr = self.head if(self.head == None): print("The list is empty") else: while(True): index_val = curr.next while(index_val != self.head): temp = curr.data chúng tôi = index_val.data index_val.data = temp index_val = index_val.next curr =curr.next if(curr.next == self.head): break; def print_it(self): curr = self.head if chúng tôi is None: print("The list is empty"); return; else: print(curr.data) while(curr.next != self.head): curr = curr.next print(curr.data) print("n") class circular_linked_list: my_cl = list_creation() print("Nodes are being added to the list") my_cl.add_data(21) my_cl.add_data(54) my_cl.add_data(78) my_cl.add_data(99) my_cl.add_data(27) print("The list is :") my_cl.print_it() print("The list is being sorted") my_cl.sort_list() print("The sorted list is : ") my_cl.print_it() Output Nodes are being added to the list The list is : 21 54 78 99 27 The list is being sorted The sorted list is : 21 27 54 78 99 Explanation
The ‘Node’ class is created.
Another class with required attributes is created.
Another method named ‘sort_list’ is defined, that is used to sort the elements in the circular linked list in an ascending or descending order.
Another method named ‘print_it’ is defined, that displays the nodes of the circular linked list.
An object of the ‘list_creation’ class is created, and the methods are called on it to add data.
An ‘init’ method is defined, that the first and last nodes of the circular linked list to None.
The ‘sort_list’ method is called.
It iterates through the list, and places the elements in their relevant position based on the value.
This is displayed on the console using the ‘print_it’ method.
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