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Definition of MongoDB keyfileMongoDB keyfile is used to authenticate our database from unauthorized access, we can authenticate our replica set using MongoDB keyfile. To enforce the access of keyfile using replica set we require to configure the security between each replica set using user access control. After implementing keyfile authentication each member from the replica set will use the same authentication mechanism which was we have developed using MongoDB keyfile. We can generate our keyfile using any method which was available, also we can generate our keyfile between 6 to 1024 characters.
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Syntax:
Below is the syntax of keyfile in MongoDB.
1) Create keyfile –
2) Set the path of keyfile in MongoDB configuration file –
3) Start the MongoDB instance using keyfile –
Parameter description syntax of keyfile in MongoDB is as follows.
1) Openssl – This is a Linux command which was used to generate keyfile. Using OpenSSL we can generate the 1024 pseudo random password.
2) Encoding method – This parameter is defined as the method which was we have using to encode the pseudo-random code.
3) No of keyfile characters – This is defined as no of characters which was we have used while generating a keyfile.
4) Path and name of keyfile – This parameter is defined as the path where we have stored our keyfile. Also, we need to give keyfile name at the time of keyfile creation.
5) Security – This is the parameter of the MongoDB configuration file which was used to define the authentication method of the MongoDB server. Using this parameter we can define authentication as keyfile in MongoDB.
How Keyfile works in MongoDB?
To use keyfile authentication we need to create database admin users for database administration purpose only.
The first step is to create keyfile, the main purpose of the MongoDB keyfile is to authenticate every database instance using the contents of the keyfile. Using this content and proper keyfile only the MongoDB instance is connected to the replica set.
If suppose we don’t have keyfile we cannot connect the replica set, it will show the error like authentication is failed.
We can generate a minimum of 6 characters and a maximum of 1024 characters keyfile in MongoDB. Also, keyfile contains characters in the base-64 format.
After generating the keyfile we need to copy the file on every server on which the replica set is running. We need to ensure that the user which was running the mongod instance is the owner of the file and he is able to access that keyfile.
After copying keyfile on each server we need to change the security method to keyfile and need to restart all the replica set.
rs.initiate ()
rs.status ()
After connecting to the primary replica set we need to create database user which have admin privileges on the database server.
After connecting to the primary replica set we need to check the user authentication using the replica set.
After checking user authentication we need to create a cluster-admin user for the admin database.
ExampleThe below steps shows create keyfile in MongoDB. We have to create keyfile of the replica set.
1) Create keyfile
In the below example, we have to create a keyfile name as mongodb_keyfile and we have to store this file into the MongoDB data directory.
We have created the keyfile using the OpenSSL command. We have used 525 characters to create keyfile.
Code:
cat /var/lib/mongo/mongodb_keyfile
Figure – Example to create keyfile.
2) Copy the keyfile on every replica memberAfter creating the keyfile we need to copy this file on each replica set. We have using cp command to copy the file.
Code:
ls -lrt /var/lib/mongo2/mongodb_keyfile
Figure – Example to Copy the keyfile on every replica member.
3) Enable the access control on every replica set
We have enabled access control on every server. For enabling the access control we need to configure the same into our configuration file.
After enabling the authentication we need to restart the replica set.
Code:
cat /etc/mongod.conf
Figure – Example of enable the access control on replica set.
systemctl status mongod
Figure – Example start the MongoDB replica instance.
4) Connect to the replica setAfter starting the replica set connect to the replica instance using mongo command.
Code:
mongo
Figure – Example to connect the replica set.
5) After connecting to the replica set check the status of replicationAfter connecting to the database server need to check the status of the replica set. We have to check the replication status using rs. status () command.
Code:
rs.status ()
Figure – Example to check status of replica set.
6) Create the administrator userCode:
roles: [ { role: “userAdminAnyDatabase” (Admin access of any database) , db: “admin” (database name) } ] )
Figure – Example to create administrator user.
7) Authenticate the userIn the below example, we have to authenticate our admin database user.
Code:
db.getSiblingDB ("admin" (database name) ).auth("mongodb_admin" (user name), passwordPrompt())
Figure – Example of authenticate the user.
8) Create cluster-admin userIn the below example, we have created the cluster-admin user for keyfile authentication.
Code:
roles: [ { role: “userAdminAnyDatabase” (Admin access of any database) , db: “admin” (database name) } ] } )
Figure – Example to create cluster-admin user.
ConclusionMongoDB keyfile is used to authenticate the database from unauthenticated access. We need to create keyfile using the encryption method. In the above example, we have created keyfile using the OpenSSL command. Keyfile is very important and useful in MongoDB to authenticate the database from unauthorized access.
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How Urlconnection Class Works In Java
Introduction to Java URLConnection
The URLConnection is a Java Programming Language class that usually represents one of the communication links or links between an URL and an application. This URLConnection class helps read and write the data to the specific/specified resource, which is actually referred to by an URL. It is one of the superclasses of all the classes. This URLConnection class’s instances are helpful to read from and to write, and it is to the resource referenced by the specific URL. Here connecting a connection to a specific URL is one type of multistep process.
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Syntax URLConnection openConnection() How does the URLConnection work in JavaURLConnection class works by providing many methods. In the process of multi-steps of connecting an URL involves openConnection() and connect() methods. The openConnection() helps in manipulating the parameters which can affect the remote resource connection. The connect() method helps interacting which is having with the resource, and it is helpful for query header contents and fields.
The connection object is actually created just by invoking the openConnection method or function on an URL. The setup parameters of the connection object and the general request for the properties are to be manipulated. The actual and usual connection which is to the remote object is made with the help of connecting method usage. The remote object of it becomes available, and the header fields along with its contents of one of the remote object could be accessed. The getInputStream() method or function will help return all the data of the specific or specified URL in the particular stream, which can be used to read and display.
The URLConnection class of the Java Programming Language actually works by providing as many methods as need just to display all the data of the webpage or blog just with the help of getting InputStream() method or methods, but the getInputStream() method/function helps a lot in returning all the website data with the help of the specific URL which is mentioned in the stream. This URL will be used to read and used to display the source code of the website or a blog; to get all the source code, one has to use Loops for multiple types of source code display.
There are only two subclasses that extend the URLConnection Class of Java. They are HttpURLConnection and JarURLConnection. HttpURLConnection helps us connect to any type of URL that actually used the “HTTP” as its protocol; then, the HttpURLConnection class will be used. The JarURLConnection will help us trying to establish one of the connections to a specific jar file on the world wide web; then, the JarURLConnection will be used.
MethodsSome of the important methods are helpful in using to read or write or to get some info after the connection is established. They are:
1. URLConnection openConnection(): This method helps in opening the connection to the specific or specified URL.
2. Object getContent(): It will retrieve some content of URLConnection.
4. getContentEncoding(): It will return some value of the content-encoding header’s field.
5. getContentLength(): It will return the content header field’s length.
7. getHeaderField (int-i): It will return the header’s i-th index value
8. getHeaderField (String-Field): It will return the field named value “field” in some header which is to get a list of all the header fields.
9. OutputStream getOutputStream(): It will return one of the connection’s output stream.
10. InputStream getInputStream(): It will return one input stream to the open connection.
11. setAllowUserInteraction(boolean): It will set the setting as a TRUE value which means users can interact with the page. By default, the value of it is TRUE.
12. setDefaultUseCaches(boolean): It will set useCache field’s default as the provided value.
14. setDoInput(boolean): It will set only if the user now allows writing on the specific page. By default, its value is FALSE since, most of all, the URL doesn’t even allow writing.
Examples to Implement Java URLConnectionbelow is the example of implementing java URLConnection:
Example #1This illustrates the reading and writing of a blog/website URL using the URLConnection class. At first, different types of java libraries are imported. Then the public class is created along with the public main method for java code filling. Then the URL variable is created to add the specific website/blog URL with the help of the URL command. Then “URLConnection” is used to open a connection to the above-mentioned URL. Then Map is used to get all fields map of the specific HTTP header. Then to print all the fields of website URL and their values, FOR LOOP is used. Then BufferedReader is used to get the open connection’s inputstream. Then to print source code line by line, WHILE LOOP is used. While loop will print all the source code, the website/blog url mentioned in the code itself.
code:
import java.io.*; import java.net.*; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Date; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; public class URLConnectionclass1 { public static void main(String[] args) { try { URLConnection urlcon1 = url1.openConnection(); { System.out.print(mp1.getKey() + " : "); System.out.println(mp1.getValue().toString()); } System.out.println(); System.out.println("The Complete source code of the provided URL is-"); BufferedReader br1 = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader (urlcon1.getInputStream())); String i1; while ((i1 = br1.readLine()) != null) { System.out.println(i1); } } catch (Exception e1) { System.out.println(e1); } } }Output:
Conclusionwe hope you learned the definition of Java URLConnection and its syntax and explanation, How the URLConnection class works in Java Coding Language, and various examples to better understand the Java URLConnection concept and so easily.
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How To Replace Function Works In Xslt?
Definition of XSLT replace Function
XSLT replace is deterministic and does string manipulation that replaces a sequence of characters defined inside a string that matches an expression. In simple terms, it does string substitution in the specified place by replacing any substrings. Fn: replace function is not available in XSLT1.0 and it is well treated in XSLT2.0. XSLT2.0 handles more complicated operations.
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Syntax:
Replace Function takes three parameters namely input as text, pattern a string fragment, replacement string.
How to replace function works in XSLT?The Replace function works by writing an XSLT template for this function and calls this replace whenever replacement of the string action is required. This function is very similar to regex-group (). If the specified input string has no substring that matches the defined regular expression, it gives the output as a single string similar to the input string. As defined in the syntax, the dollar sign references the matches with the expressions as well as sub-expressions. The expressions are a string of text and the sub-expressions are shown with parenthesis. Let’s have a look at this statement.
The output is displayed as
contact me (321) 555-7680 hello.
The function returns the value of the first string passed as an argument with every substring defined by the regular structure in the second string and finally, it is replaced by the third argument.
For a given string with a regular expression
The Specified replacement String of above statement is
Here it replaces part of a string that matches a declared regular expression.
M go to n go to p
The sample code shows how it works.
ExamplesLet us examples of XSLT replace.
Example #1: Simple Example with Replace functionXML
XSLT
Explanation:
Output:
Example #2: Replica of the function file.XML
XSL
SQL Functions Defined
Explanation
The first argument of the function is the name element defined in the value-of statement. Second argument is the regular expression with ^hh. It produces same result as an XML file with the function.
Output:
Example #3: With special charactersXSL file
Explanation
A very simple approach in XSLT2.0 with the values for replacing is taken. Here I have taken a string png to replace and the literal _R. The result should look like this.
Output:
Example #4: Replacing multiple strings in the contentXML
XSL
Explanation
The above template replaces the character string with the replacement. Therefore the result of calling this stylesheet is shown below. So when I type on the browser I get the following response.
Output:
Advantages
With the help of the XSLT2.0 replace () function removes undesired characters from a string in powerful regular expressions. XSLT replaces corresponding single characters, not the entire string.
The dollar sign ($) interprets the rightmost characters in the string as literal. And if the single-digit is higher than the sub-expressions the digit or character is replaced with an empty string.
ConclusionSomehow, we have discussed and concluded on replace function. This function will get deep specification to stay grip on it and highlighted how to walk through the replace strings with the regular expressions and create Stylesheet functions to do with templates.
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How When Statement Works In Kotlin With Examples?
Introduction to Kotlin when
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SyntaxIn kotlin language, it has many default keywords, variables, and functions to implement the application. One of the default keywords can be used in both expression and non-expression scenarios.
val variablename; when(variablename) { —some coding logics it depends upon the requirement— } }
The above codes are the basic syntax for utilizing the when keyword on the kotlin codes. We want to write the expression based on the function’s requirement on the child function, or the inheritance concept will be implemented on the application.
Working of when statement in KotlinGenerally, “when” is one of the keywords, and it is used in both expression and non-expression; it also checks and combined with the valid conditional statements depending on the calculation based on the user requirements, in kotlin, when it is constructed, and it can be thought of as the replacement for the switch case statement, which is similar to the other languages when the keyword is used as the expression and validating the condition like matching the values for overall expression. If condition statement, the values of the individual branches are always ignored, each branch can be of the block, and its value is the last expression of the block values.
Else loop is evaluated if none of the other branches and the condition is satisfied with the boolean condition statements; else, a loop is mandatory unless the compiler can prove that all possible cases are covered with the loop conditions. The scope of the variable is introduced with the keyword for when the subject is restricted to the body of this keyword for when expression. We can check and validate the condition using a particular type in both compile and runtime in the kotlin operators. With the help of conditional statements, the loop will use the control, and it executes the other conditions based on their needs.
Examples of Kotlin whenBelow are the examples of Kotlin when:
Example #1Code:
package one; println("Welcome To My Domain it’s a first example regarding the When keyword using the kotlin program logics") var first = 7 var second = when(first) { } println("$second") var third = when(second) { } println("Thank you users have a nice day please find your outputs $first") }Output:
We used the above example when keywords in basic formats like int, string, string, and string formats. We can print the statements on the user console screen.
Example #2Code:
package one; println("Welcome To My Domain it’s a second example regarding the When keyword using the kotlin program logics") var first = 'A' when(first){ } println("Thank you users have a nice day kindly try again please keep and stay with our application $first") var yrsage = 16 when(yrsage) { val numlast = 100 - yrsage println("Your marraige age is in $numlast years") } } }Output:
Example #3Code:
package one; enum class Third(val exampl: Boolean = false){ January(true), February, March, April(true), May, June, July(true), August, September, October, November, December(true); companion object{ fun demo(obj: Third): Boolean { } } } fun demos(th: Third) { when(th) { } } fun main(){ println("Welcome To My Domain its a third example regarding the When keyword using the kotlin program logics") for(eg in Third.values()) { println("${eg.ordinal} = ${eg.name} and is months in ${eg.exampl}") } val demo1 = Third.April; println("Thank you users your current month is ${Third.demo(demo1)}") }Output:
In the final example, we used to calculate the current month status by using the boolean condition. We used the when keyword to print the enum class value on the function.
ConclusionIn the conclusion part, kotlin when is one of the conditional statements like if, else, etc. The when keyword supports non -conditional expressions also instead of the switch case statement, these statements will execute the user inputs on each step. It supports all types of user browsers, so it’s compatible when keyword satisfied with some range intervals, which depends upon the requirement.
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How Verification Works On Tiktok
Edgar Cervantes / Android Authority
Unlike other social media apps such as Twitter or Instagram, where users can apply for verification, there isn’t any direct method to get verified on TikTok. Instead, TikTok has a secret system to bestow verification badges on popular profiles. However, there are some things you can do to increase your chances of getting verified. Here’s everything you need to know about verification on TikTok.
Read more: 10 best TikTok alternatives and apps for Android
What does being verified on TikTok mean?Like other social media platforms, earning a blue verified badge on TikTok helps notable figures let others know their account and content are authentic. Verification is a visual form of trust between high-profile accounts and their followers, so people know that the accounts they are following are who they say they are.
Adam Birney / Android Authority
Verification can also boost visibility for individuals, non-profits, institutions, businesses, or official brand pages since the algorithm shows them more often. Therefore, the blue checkmarks are in high demand.
What are the requirements to be verified on TikTok?TikTok says they consider several factors before granting a verified badge, such as whether the account is authentic, unique, and active. Here’s a breakdown of how they define those attributes:
Active: you must have logged into your account within the past six months.
Authentic: your account represents a real person, business, or entity. Note that you can only receive one verification per business or person except for language-specific accounts.
Complete: you must have a public account, and your profile must have a bio, name, profile photo, and at least one video.
Notable: TikTok reviews accounts featured in multiple news sources. They do not consider press releases and sponsored media as credible.
Secure: Your account must have multi-factor authentication with a verified email. This ensures that the owner stays genuine and is protected from identity theft.
Tips to get verified on TikTokAside from meeting the above requirements, here are some things you can do to help get noticed by the TikTok staff handing out those coveted checkmarks.
Keep producing videos daily. Find your niche and use a business account to know the best time to post. Use trending hashtags to rank higher in the search results. If your video makes it to the “For You” page, it can significantly boost followers and viewers and put you on TikTok’s radar.
Add your own sounds and music to your videos to catch people’s attention.
Try to get featured in a news or media outlet. If your videos are relevant to your local community, reach out to a nearby newspaper or broadcast to collaborate. They are looking for content, too; you just have to give them a good reason to feature you.
Become verified on other social media platforms. Learn how to get verified on apps like Twitter and Instagram. This shows TikTok you have some prestige on different corners of the internet.
Follow the community guidelines. That last thing you want is to violate the terms of service since moderators will flag your account, which will hurt your chances of getting verified.
Lastly, don’t stress too much about verification. Be yourself and have fun following these steps to get verified on TikTok without worrying about when it will happen. The more natural and authentic you are, the more your videos will resonate with people. In addition, if you manage to get verified, do not change your username, as that will trigger its removal.
Read more: How to delete a TikTok account
FAQs
There are no direct thresholds of followers to have to get verified automatically. Some TikTok accounts have hundreds of thousands of followers with no verification.
There are no specific thresholds of views your videos must have to get verified automatically. However, if you go viral, that can increase your chances of getting the blue badge.
The 16-year-old influencer Charli D’Amelio is the youngest person to be verified on TikTok and featured in the 40 under 40 Fortune list.
You cannot pay money to get verified on TikTok. Any entity claiming to sell TikTok verifications is false.
How Does Ansible Firewalld Works With Examples
Introduction to Ansible Firewalld
In Ansible, we have many modules that provide us the ability to perform operational work on remote hosts. Especially, operations which are to be done on Linux remote hosts. One such module is named firewalld, which is used to manage firewall rules of Linux systems. In this topic, we are going to learn about Ansible Firewalld.
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As we know that Linux systems can have a firewalld daemon that is used to allow/block access to/from services, networks, and ports by updating running or permanent firewall rules on the machine via firewall-cmd utility. The same is managed by Ansible using the firewalld module.
Explaining the Ansible FirewalldAnsible firewalld is the module that is used to update firewall rules on remote hosts. The remote hosts are the Linux machines here. Ports can be TCP or UDP, which can be enabled or disabled. Similarly, services can be allowed or blocked.
We should note below points while working with Ansible firewalld module: –
As per the latest Ansible firewalld module, the firewalld version on the hosts, where firewall rules will be modified, should have equal to or greater than 2.11.
This module is not tested in Debian based
Requires python2 bindings of firewalld. Where python2 bindings are not available, python3 bindings can be used but we must set ansible_python_interpreter to python3 interpreter path and install python3
There is a known limitation in Ansible firewalld due to which zone transactions must explicitly be permanent. This also means that when we add a zone and want to perform immediate actions on it, we need to reload the firewalld service. But take care while doing that because reloading firewalld will undo all non-permanent actions performed
This module is not guaranteed to have backward
Along with the above points, we should also know below terminologies which are heavily used in firewalld.
Zone: Zone is a logical network location which can be arbitrary but can be defined in terms of the network from which traffic will originate, or a location to which your local network interface is connected.
Services: Services are the series of ports and protocol combination which works as the socket, that our host is listening on, which then can be placed in one or more
Ports: These are the logical constructs which are representing a service endpoint
How Does Ansible Firewalld Works?Because handling rules in an ad hoc way will end up in a mess and we need to spend hours and network support to identify the problematic parts in our firewall rules.
icmp_block: The icmp block we like to remove or add from or to a zone in firewall rules
immediate: if the permanent parameter is used, should this be applied
interface: The interface we like to remove or add to or from a zone in firewall rules
permanent: Should the configuration be in permanent rule, which persists across reboots or in running configuration temporarily. When this is “no”, then by default immediate is “yes”.
Acceptable values are either “yes” or “no”.
1. port: Name or port or port range to remove or add to or from firewalld. When giving ranges, it must be in the form of PORT/PROTOCOL or PORT-PORT/PROTOCOL for port
2. rich_rule: rich rule to add or remove to or from
3. service: The service which needs to be added or removed to or from firewalld. The service must be listed in the output of the “firewall-cmd –get-services” command on remote
4. source: The source network you would like to be removed or added to or from in firewalld rules.
5. state: Enable or disable a setting. Below are acceptable values from which present and absent
are used in case of zone level operation.
absent
present
enabled
disabled
6. timeout: The time for which rule should be in effect when set as non-permanent
7. zone: The firewall zone to be added or removed. The public is default zone from upstream but this can be configured. Some out of box defaults are block, DMZ, external, internal, trusted, work. This list can be extended based on a per system
Example of Ansible FirewalldNow by using examples, we will try to learn about Ansible firewalld, which you might have to use in day to day operations. We will take some examples, but before going there, we first understand our lab, we used for testing purpose.
Here we have an Ansible control server named ansible-controller and one remote host named host- remote. We will create playbooks and run Ansible commands on the ansible-controller node and see the results on the remote host.
Also, on the remote host, below is the current status of firewalld.
firewall-cmd --state
firewall-cmd --get-services
firewall-cmd --get-zone
firewall-cmd --list-all
We will use a playbook with below content: –
When we execute it like below we get below output: –
ansible-playbook ansible_firewalld_enable_service.yaml
firewall-cmd --list-all
In this example, we will see how to enable a port in remote host, for this we have a playbook like below content: –
port: 443/tcp state: enabled
ansible-playbook ansible_firewalld_disable_port.yaml
Now checking on the remote host, we will see this port is listed in the output of –list-all now like below, but it was not there previously: –
firewall-cmd --list-all
In this example, we will enable an ip range for a zone, for this we have a playbook like below, Note here that as we are doing a zone related transaction so for this to work we need to make it permanent and also immediately reload firewalld on the remote host, like below: –
name: we have to reload firewalld else zone transactions will not be realised command: firewall-cmd –reload
After executing this playbook we get the below output: –
ansible-playbook ansible_firewalld_enable_source_network.yaml
On the remote host, we can see that the mentioned network is listed on the concerned zone’s allowed list
firewall-cmd --zone=internal --list-all
ConclusionAs we have seen that Ansible firewalld is a very powerful module which can be very useful if you have supported network and your remote hosts are supportable in all ways. But points to note that it is not an easy task to have a track of all the firewall rule, especially when we have permanent and non- permanent rules. So that preparation is needed before-hand.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Ansible Firewalld. Here we discuss the introduction to Ansible Firewalld along with the working, detailed explanation and respective examples. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –
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